数学代写|密码学代写Cryptography Theory代考|CS/ECE407 Another Betrayal

如果你也在 怎样密码学Cryptography CS/ECE407这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。密码学Cryptography是对存在对抗行为的安全通信技术的实践和研究。 更广泛地说,密码学是关于构建和分析防止第三方或公众阅读私人信息的协议;信息安全的各个方面,如数据保密性、数据完整性、认证和不可抵赖性是现代密码学的核心。现代密码学存在于数学、计算机科学、电子工程、通信科学和物理学等学科的交叉点。密码学的应用包括电子商务、基于芯片的支付卡、数字货币、计算机密码和军事通信。

密码学Cryptography在现代很大程度上是基于数学理论和计算机科学实践的;密码学算法是围绕计算硬度假设设计的,这使得这种算法在实际操作中很难被任何对手破解。虽然在理论上有可能破解一个设计良好的系统,但在实际操作中这样做是不可行的。因此,这种方案,如果设计得好,被称为 “计算安全”;理论上的进步(例如,整数分解算法的改进)和更快的计算技术要求这些设计被不断地重新评估,如果有必要的话,要进行调整。信息理论上的安全方案,即使有无限的计算能力也无法被破解,如一次性密码键盘,在实践中比理论上可被破解但计算上安全的最佳方案更难使用。

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数学代写|密码学代写Cryptography Theory代考|CS/ECE407 Another Betrayal

数学代写|密码学代写Cryptography Theory代考|Another Betrayal

Another person joined the list of infamous individuals in Section $12.9$ after the first edition of this book went to the printer, namely Edward Snowden. In May 2013, he left his job as a contractor at NSA Hawaii for Hong Kong, and the following month newspaper articles relating classified material he had stolen began appearing. He soon made his way to Russia, where he remains, as of this writing. Snowden is considered by some to be a patriotic whistle-blower. Chris Inglis, former Deputy Director, NSA, explained why this appellation is inappropriate.
I do find it curious that Snowden, who is now kind of in the protective embrace of Russia and who once enjoyed the protective embrace of China, has said nothing about those legal regimes which most independent observers would say runs roughshod over civil liberties, human rights. I find it curious he would not say a word about that. But it’s consistent actually with what he said while he was in the United States. Nothing. He made no complaint to anyone about what he now observes, what’s, in his view, a violation of US person privacy, said nary a word the whole time he was at the National Security Agency, nary a word the whole time he was with the CIA. When asked about that by Jim Bamford, I believe two years ago, the spring of 2014, he said he had at one time raised a question to an NSA lawyer. When we went back and took a look at that it turns out the question that he asked was “Are the priorities that were kind of articulated to me in a class that I took on the protection of US person privacies, the US constitution, an equal priority between law and executive order, and then policies, regulations, and the like?” Lawyer came back the same day answering that question for Mr. Snowden, saying “No, that’s not exactly right. Turns out that a statute, a law, trumps an executive order. They’re only on the same line in the priorities table because, in the absence of a law, an executive order stands in.” If that’s a complaint about the protection of US person privacy in the United States of America. I’m hard pressed to see it. I’m hard pressed to understand it. Having raised not one question about that issue while he was here in the United States, my assumption is that Snowden doesn’t have the courage of his convictions when he thinks he might be held personally accountable for standing up and defending those convictions. It’s not an official position, but that’s how I feel. ${ }^{84}$

He [Snowden] said he was worried about the violation of US person privacy. Most of the information he released has nothing to do with that. He said that he could prove that the United States violated US person privacy beyond the reach of law, beyond the constitutional norms that are established. There’s been no proof of that. Now we as a matter of policy might decide that we’re uncomfortable with collecting telephone metadata. That doesn’t make it illegal. Bad policy or a different choice about policy doesn’t make it illegal or unconstitutional. ${ }^{85}$

数学代写|密码学代写Cryptography Theory代考|NSA and the Media

As an example of how misleading Snowden’s “revelations” can be, a particular newspaper piece is examined in some detail. On August 15, 2013, The Washington Post ran an article by Barton Gellman titled “NSA broke privacy rules thousands of times per year, audit finds.” ${ }^{\text {” }}$ It was based on an internal (classified) NSA study Snowden leaked and it sounds alarming. We should care deeply about our right to privacy, but we should also look closely at the details before drawing conclusions. Fortunately, in January 2014, NSA Deputy Director Chris Inglis, shortly before his retirement, took the time to explain what happened in an interview he did with Steve Inskeep of NPR. The relevant portions are reproduced below. ${ }^{92}$
INSKEEP: I want to ask about mistakes, errors, violations of privacy. You gave a fascinating talk late last year at the University of Pennsylvania in which you referred to a document that had been disclosed that referred to something like 2,700 errors by the NSA. You argued that about 2,000 of those were not really relevant, set them aside. And then acknowledged there were 711 actual errors where you violated someone’s privacy in a way that was not authorized. What happened on those 711 times in one year?

INGLIS: Yeah, so if I could clarify that. The report, first and foremost, was written in the early part of 2012 . We wrote it ourselves. And we generate these reports essentially to take a hard look at how all the various things that we do to collect a communication of interest, store the communication of interest, query the communication of interest, we want to make sure we do that exactly right. And we determined in that report that on an annualized basis, we extrapolated the numbers that we had essentially had about 2,776 situations that didn’t go exactly according to plan. That was immediately interpreted by some press outlets when that was released – again, it was another unauthorized release – but when it was released, some number of press outlets immediately equated that to 2,776 privacy violations and went so far as to say that they were either willful or kind of attributable to the gross lack of conscientious actions on the side of NSA.

Which is why I went then to some pains to explain what that really was. It turned out in 2,065 of those cases, so about 75 percent of those cases, the situation was that the individual, the organization that we were authorized to understand something about, whose communications we were trying to collect, had moved, right. Either they had physically moved or their services had moved and they were in a different location. Our authorities essentially asked the question up front of where is the party of interest? You know, where is the communication of interest? And where is the collection taking place? And if any of those change, we’re probably using the wrong authority. And so, 2,065 we notified ourselves that that had changed. They don’t consult with us before they change their location.

数学代写|密码学代写Cryptography Theory代考|CS/ECE407 Another Betrayal

密码学代写

数学代写|密码学代写Cryptography Theory代考|Another Betrayal

又一个人加入了科室臭名昭著的人物名单12.9这本书的第一版交给了印刷商,即爱德华斯诺登。2013 年 5 月,他辞去了美国国家安全局夏威夷分包商的工作,前往香港,随后一个月报纸上开始出现有关他窃取的机密材料的文章。他很快就去了俄罗斯,在撰写本文时他仍然住在那里。斯诺登被一些人认为是爱国告密者。美国国家安全局前副局长 Chris Inglis 解释了为什么这个称呼是不合适的。
我确实感到奇怪的是,斯诺登现在受到俄罗斯的保护,曾经受到中国的保护,他对大多数独立观察家认为粗暴对待公民自由、人权的法律制度只字不提. 我觉得很好奇,他对此只字未提。但这和他在美国时说的其实是一致的。没有什么。他没有向任何人抱怨他现在所观察到的,在他看来,这是对美国人隐私的侵犯,他在国家安全局的整个过程中一言不发,他在国家安全局的整个过程中一言不发中央情报局。当吉姆·班福德 (Jim Bamford) 问起这个问题时,我相信是在两年前,也就是 2014 年春天,他说他曾经向一名国家安全局律师提出过一个问题。当我们回头看时,发现他问的问题是“在我参加的关于保护美国人隐私、美国宪法、平等权利的课程中,向我阐明的优先事项是什么?”优先于法律和行政命令,然后是政策、法规等?” 律师当天回来为斯诺登先生回答了这个问题,他说:“不,这不完全正确。事实证明,法令、法律胜过行政命令。它们只是在优先级表中处于同一行,因为在没有法律的情况下,行政命令就可以代替。” 如果那是关于在美利坚合众国保护美国人隐私的投诉。我很难看到它。我很难理解它。斯诺登在美国期间没有就这个问题提出任何问题,我的假设是,当斯诺登认为他可能因站出来捍卫这些信念而被追究个人责任时,他没有勇气坚持自己的信念。这不是官方立场,但这就是我的感受。84

他[斯诺登]说他担心侵犯美国人的隐私。他发布的大部分信息与此无关。他说,他可以证明美国侵犯了美国人的隐私,超出了法律的范围,超出了既定的宪法规范。没有证据证明这一点。现在,作为一项政策,我们可能会决定我们不愿意收集电话元数据。这并不意味着它是非法的。糟糕的政策或对政策的不同选择不会使其违法或违宪。85

数学代写|密码学代写Cryptography Theory代考|NSA and the Media

作为说明斯诺登的“揭露”可能具有多大误导性的一个例子,我们对一篇特定的报纸文章进行了较为详细的审查。2013 年 8 月 15 日,《华盛顿邮报》刊登了巴顿·盖尔曼 (Barton Gellman) 的一篇文章,题为“审计发现,美国国家安全局每年违反隐私规则数千次”。” 它基于斯诺登泄露的美国国家安全局内部(机密)研究,听起来令人震惊。我们应该非常关心我们的隐私权,但我们也应该在下结论之前仔细观察细节。幸运的是,2014 年 1 月,美国国家安全局副局长克里斯·英格利斯在退休前不久接受美国国家公共电台的史蒂夫·英斯基普采访时,花时间解释了发生的事情。相关部分转载如下。92
INSKEEP:我想问一下错误、错误、侵犯隐私的问题。去年年底,您在宾夕法尼亚大学发表了一次精彩的演讲,其中您提到了一份已披露的文件,其中提到了美国国家安全局的 2,700 处错误。你认为其中大约 2,000 个不是真正相关的,把它们放在一边。然后承认有 711 个实际错误,您以未经授权的方式侵犯了某人的隐私。一年内那711次发生了什么?

INGLIS:是的,所以如果我能澄清一下。该报告首先是在 2012 年初撰写的。我们自己写的。我们生成这些报告本质上是为了认真审视我们为收集感兴趣的通信、存储感兴趣的通信、查询感兴趣的通信所做的所有各种事情,我们希望确保我们做的完全正确。我们在该报告中确定,在年度化的基础上,我们推断出我们基本上有大约 2,776 种情况没有完全按照计划进行的数字。一些新闻媒体在发布时立即对此进行了解读——同样,这是另一个未经授权的发布——但当它发布时,一些新闻媒体立即将其等同于 2,

这就是为什么我当时煞费苦心地解释那到底是什么。事实证明,在这些案例中有 2,065 起,所以大约 75% 的案例,情况是我们被授权了解一些事情的个人,组织,我们试图收集他们的通信,已经搬家了,对吧。他们要么身体搬家了,要么他们的服务搬家了,他们在不同的地方。我们的当局本质上是在问利益相关方在哪里?你知道,利益的交流在哪里?收集地点在哪里?如果这些发生任何变化,我们可能使用了错误的权限。因此,2,065 我们通知自己情况已经改变。他们在改变位置之前不会与我们协商。

数学代写|密码学代写Cryptography代考

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微观经济学代写

微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。

线性代数代写

线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。



博弈论代写

现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。



微积分代写

微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。

它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。



计量经济学代写

什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。

根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。



MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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