如果你也在 怎样代写金融会计Financial AccountingAFM305这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。金融会计Financial Accounting是会计的一个具体分支,涉及记录、总结和报告一段时期内企业经营所产生的无数交易的过程。这些交易被总结为财务报表的编制,包括资产负债表、损益表和现金流量表,这些报表记录了公司在特定时期的经营业绩。
金融会计Financial Accounting是与企业相关的财务交易的总结、分析和报告有关的会计领域。这涉及到编制供公众使用的财务报表。股东、供应商、银行、雇员、政府机构、企业主和其他利益相关者都是有兴趣收到这些信息用于决策的例子。
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会计代写|金融会计代考Financial Accounting代写|Definition
As mentioned in earlier chapters, the term ‘liability’ has a precise definition in the IASB’s Framework:
A liability is a present obligation of the entity to transfer an economic resource as a result of past events. Anything shown in the right-hand column of Table 11.1, excluding ‘equity’, needs to meet the definition of ‘liability’. However, the definition is wider than it first seems because the revised Framework of 2018 states that obligations include outflows which the entity has ‘no practical ability to avoid’.
It will be simpler to start at the bottom of Table $11.1$ with ‘creditors’ (or payables) which are sums legally due to outsiders when the amount and timing are clear. Consequently, there is generally no doubt that these items are liabilities or can be measured reliably enough to recognise them in the balance sheet. Examples are a bank loan or an unpaid invoice sent by a supplier. Table $11.2$ adds detail to Table $11.1$ by showing the standard headings for liabilities in one of the balance sheet formats of the EU accounting Directive. These items could be divided into ‘non-current’ and ‘current’ on the basis of whether or not they are to be repaid within one year. Such a distinction is generally required as explained in Chapter 6.
The first item under ‘creditors’ in Table $11.2$ is ‘debenture loans’. These are amounts due at a fixed face value and a fixed date to persons or entities who have lent money to the company in the past. The piece of paper that acknowledges the debt can be passed from one person to another. In many cases, debentures can be traded on a stock exchange. Some debentures allow the holder to turn them into the company’s shares under certain conditions. In this case, their substance is partly debt and partly equity. IAS 32 requires such instruments to be split into these elements.
The last item, ‘accruals and deferred income’, needs some explanation further to that already given in Section 3.2.3. Accruals are a recognition that the business has used up services in the period but not paid for them. For example, suppose that a company pays for a service (e.g. the supply of electricity) once per year. The company’s accounting year ends on 31 December 20X1. However, the electricity bill is measured for the year to 31 January $20 \times 2$. At the balance sheet date, there has been no bill for most of the year. However, the company has used electricity and will have to pay for it, so an accurate estimate can be made (and recognised) of the relevant expense for $20 \mathrm{X} 1$ and the resulting liability in the $20 \mathrm{X} 1$ balance sheet.
When it comes to measuring the size of all these creditors, they are normally valued at their face values. If amounts are not to be paid in the near future, there is usually an interest payment to be made to the creditor. In the unlikely event of there being material amounts owing in the long term but with no interest to pay, it would be necessary, under IFRS, to reduce the liability (to net present value) to take account of the time value of money.
会计代写|金融会计代考Financial Accounting代写|Provisions
Provisions are defined by IAS 37 as being liabilities of uncertain timing or amount. A good example of a provision is the first entry in Table 11.2: provisions for pensions. Suppose that a company promises to pay a pension to an employee when she retires. The pension entitlement builds up as the employee works for the company for more and more years. The pension will be paid every year from retirement to death and perhaps will be equal to half the final year’s salary. Such an entitlement would be called a ‘defined benefit pension’.
From the company’s point of view, the pension is part of employee compensation; it is a current staff expense with a postponed payment date. Each year, the company should charge a pension staff expense and increase the liability to pay the pension later. The obligation to the employee meets the above definition of liability. However, the exact amount depends on many things, such as the final salary and how long the employee will live after retirement. Consequently, the company can only estimate the amount, so the liability is called a provision.
It should be noted that this does not mean, in itself, that money or investments have been set aside to cover future payments to the pensioner. It might be a good idea for the company to do this, but it requires deliberate action that is quite separate from accounting for the liability. If money is sent irrevocably from the company into the hands of independent financial managers who will invest it so as to pay pensioners later, this activity is called funding. For the balance sheet, the money can no longer be shown as an asset (because it is not controlled) but the fair value of any accumulated fund is set off against the accumulated obligation, because the fund can only be used to pay the pensioners, so this reduces the probable size of the company’s liability. The balance sheet then shows the balance of the unfunded pension obligation (the deficit) as a provision.
It is vital not to confuse a provision with a fund. A provision is an obligation to pay money. A fund is a pile of assets (money or investments). Internationally, the scope for confusion is considerable; e.g. the Italian word for ‘provision’ is fondo and the Italian for ‘fund’ is fondo. Other language points are considered at the end of this chapter.
Other examples of provisions are estimates of liabilities to pay tax bills or, in the case of a mining company, to pay for cleaning up the environment after extracting minerals from the earth. Also, a company should recognise a provision for its obligation for future repair costs for products as a result of warranties given at the time of sale.
金融会计代考
会计代写|金融会计代考Financial Accounting代写|Definition
如前几章所述,“负债”一词在 IASB 的框架中有明确的定义:
负债是实体因过去事件而转移经济资源的现时义务。表 11.1 右栏中显示的任何内容,不包括“权益”,都需要符合“负债”的定义。然而,该定义比乍看起来要宽泛,因为修订后的 2018 年框架规定,义务包括实体“没有实际能力避免”的资金流出。
从表格底部开始会更简单11.1与“债权人”(或应付账款)一起,当金额和时间明确时,这些债权人是合法应付给外部人的款项。因此,通常毫无疑问,这些项目是负债或能够可靠地计量以在资产负债表中确认它们。例如银行贷款或供应商发送的未付发票。桌子11.2向表格添加详细信息11.1通过在欧盟会计指令的一种资产负债表格式中显示负债的标准标题。这些项目可根据是否在一年内偿还而分为“非流动”和“流动”。如第 6 章所述,通常需要进行这种区分。
表中“债权人”下的第一项11.2是“债券贷款”。这些是以固定面值和固定日期支付给过去向公司借钱的个人或实体的金额。承认债务的那张纸可以从一个人传给另一个人。在许多情况下,债券可以在证券交易所进行交易。一些债券允许持有人在特定条件下将其转换为公司的股份。在这种情况下,它们的实质部分是债务,部分是股权。IAS 32 要求将此类工具拆分为这些要素。
最后一项“应计收入和递延收入”需要对第 3.2.3 节中已经给出的内容进行进一步解释。应计费用是对企业在该期间用完服务但未支付服务费用的一种认可。例如,假设一家公司每年支付一次服务费用(例如电力供应)。公司会计年度截止日为 20X1 年 12 月 31 日。但是,电费是按截至 1 月 31 日的年度计算的20×2. 截至资产负债表日,本年度大部分时间无票据。但是,公司已经用过电,需要支付电费,因此可以准确估计(并确认)相关费用20X1以及由此产生的责任20X1资产负债表。
在衡量所有这些债权人的规模时,他们通常以面值来衡量。如果在不久的将来不支付款项,通常需要向债权人支付利息。万一长期欠下巨额款项但没有利息支付,根据国际财务报告准则,有必要将负债减少(至净现值)以考虑货币的时间价值。
会计代写|金融会计代考Financial Accounting代写|Provisions
IAS 37 将准备金定义为时间或金额不确定的负债。准备金的一个很好的例子是表 11.2 中的第一个条目:养老金准备金。假设一家公司承诺在员工退休时向其支付养老金。随着员工为公司工作的时间越来越长,养老金权利也会增加。养老金从退休到死亡每年都会支付,可能相当于最后一年工资的一半。这种权利将被称为“固定收益养老金”。
从公司的角度来看,养老金是员工薪酬的一部分;这是一项延迟支付日期的经常性工作人员费用。公司每年应收取职工养老金费用,增加后期支付养老金的责任。对雇员的义务符合上述责任定义。然而,确切的数额取决于很多因素,例如最终工资和员工退休后的寿命。因此,公司只能估计金额,因此负债称为准备金。
应该注意的是,这本身并不意味着已经拨出资金或投资来支付未来对养老金领取者的支付。公司这样做可能是个好主意,但它需要与责任会计完全分开的深思熟虑的行动。如果资金不可撤销地从公司转移到独立的财务经理手中,他们将进行投资以便日后支付给养老金领取者,这种活动称为筹资。对于资产负债表,这笔钱不能再显示为资产(因为它不受控制),但任何累积基金的公允价值都可以抵消累积债务,因为该基金只能用于支付养老金领取者,所以这减少了公司负债的可能规模。
重要的是不要将准备金与基金混淆。规定是支付金钱的义务。基金是一堆资产(金钱或投资)。在国际上,混淆的范围很大;例如,“规定”的意大利语单词是 fondo,而“基金”的意大利语单词是 fondo。本章末尾考虑了其他语言点。
准备金的其他例子是估计支付税款的负债,或者在矿业公司的情况下,在从地球上提取矿物后支付清理环境的费用。此外,公司应确认其因销售时提供的保证而承担的产品未来维修费用的义务准备金。
会计代写|金融会计代考Financial Accounting代写 请认准UprivateTA™. UprivateTA™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
微观经济学代写
微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。
线性代数代写
线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。
博弈论代写
现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。
微积分代写
微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。
它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。
计量经济学代写
什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。
根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。
MATLAB代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。